Scurvy s a disease caused by the deficiency of vitamin C or ascorbic acid. The symptoms are bleeding gums, loosening of teeth, swollen and painful joints, bleeding in tissues and general fatigue (tiredness). Vitamin C is destroyed on heating.

Correct Option: C

Scurvy s a disease caused by the deficiency of vitamin C or ascorbic acid. The symptoms are bleeding gums, loosening of teeth, swollen and painful joints, bleeding in tissues and general fatigue (tiredness). Vitamin C is destroyed on heating.

Humans are primates of the family Hominidae, and the only extant species of the genus Homo. They originated in Africa, where they reached anatomical modernity about 200,000 years ago. The species binomial Homo sapiens was coined by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae, and he himself is the lectotype specimen. The generic name Homo is a learned 18th century derivation from Latin homô “man”, ultimately “earthly being” (Old Latin hemô, a cognate to Old English guma “man”, meaning ‘earth’ or ‘ground’). The species-name sapiens means “wise” or “sapient”.

Correct Option: A

Humans are primates of the family Hominidae, and the only extant species of the genus Homo. They originated in Africa, where they reached anatomical modernity about 200,000 years ago. The species binomial Homo sapiens was coined by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae, and he himself is the lectotype specimen. The generic name Homo is a learned 18th century derivation from Latin homô “man”, ultimately “earthly being” (Old Latin hemô, a cognate to Old English guma “man”, meaning ‘earth’ or ‘ground’). The species-name sapiens means “wise” or “sapient”.

The blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 4 mM (4 mmol/L or 72 mg/dL, i.e. milligrams/deciliter); however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day (termed “the fasting level”), and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimolar. Normal Human Glucose Blood Test results should be 70 - 130 (mg/ dL) before meals, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals (as measured by a blood glucose monitor). So we find that before meals, the highest end is 130 and after meals it is 180. So 120-150 mg/dl can be taken to be the range.

Correct Option: B

The blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 4 mM (4 mmol/L or 72 mg/dL, i.e. milligrams/deciliter); however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day (termed “the fasting level”), and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimolar. Normal Human Glucose Blood Test results should be 70 - 130 (mg/ dL) before meals, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals (as measured by a blood glucose monitor). So we find that before meals, the highest end is 130 and after meals it is 180. So 120-150 mg/dl can be taken to be the range.

Dialysis is the artificial process of getting rid of waste (diffusion) and unwanted water (ultrafiltration) from the blood. This process is naturally done by our kidneys. It is the artificial replacement for lost kidney function (renal replacement therapy). The elimination of unwanted water (ultrafiltration) occurs through osmosis - as the dialysis solution has a high concentration of glucose, it results in osmotic pressure which causes the fluid to move from the blood into the dialysate. Consequently, a larger quantity of fluid is drained than introduced.

Correct Option: C

Dialysis is the artificial process of getting rid of waste (diffusion) and unwanted water (ultrafiltration) from the blood. This process is naturally done by our kidneys. It is the artificial replacement for lost kidney function (renal replacement therapy). The elimination of unwanted water (ultrafiltration) occurs through osmosis - as the dialysis solution has a high concentration of glucose, it results in osmotic pressure which causes the fluid to move from the blood into the dialysate. Consequently, a larger quantity of fluid is drained than introduced.

The body needs access to iron to produce red blood cells. A lack of iron can lead to anaemia. Vitamin A has an essential role in vision (especially night vision), normal bone growth, reproduction and the health of skin and mucous membranes. It also acts as an antioxidant, protecting the body from harmful free radicals - this may help to reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer. Vitamin C is needed for normal growth and development, growth and repair of tissues within the body, formation of collagen, cartilage, bones and teeth, and wound healing. A deficiency can result in scurvy. This causes muscle weakness, joint pain and problems with wound healing. It can also lead to loose teeth, bleeding and swollen gums, easily bruised skin and fatigue, and sometimes depression. Having too little calcium in the diet increases risk of a hormone condition that can cause bone fractures and kidney stones. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) affects around one in 800 people during their lifetime and is most common in post-menopausal women.

Correct Option: C

The body needs access to iron to produce red blood cells. A lack of iron can lead to anaemia. Vitamin A has an essential role in vision (especially night vision), normal bone growth, reproduction and the health of skin and mucous membranes. It also acts as an antioxidant, protecting the body from harmful free radicals - this may help to reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer. Vitamin C is needed for normal growth and development, growth and repair of tissues within the body, formation of collagen, cartilage, bones and teeth, and wound healing. A deficiency can result in scurvy. This causes muscle weakness, joint pain and problems with wound healing. It can also lead to loose teeth, bleeding and swollen gums, easily bruised skin and fatigue, and sometimes depression. Having too little calcium in the diet increases risk of a hormone condition that can cause bone fractures and kidney stones. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) affects around one in 800 people during their lifetime and is most common in post-menopausal women.