An initial public offering (IPO) or stock market launch is a type of public offering where shares of stock in a company are sold to the general public, on a securities exchange, for the first time. Through this process, a private company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise expansion capital, to possibly monetize the investments of early private investors, and to become publicly traded enterprises. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. After the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors.

Correct Option: C

An initial public offering (IPO) or stock market launch is a type of public offering where shares of stock in a company are sold to the general public, on a securities exchange, for the first time. Through this process, a private company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise expansion capital, to possibly monetize the investments of early private investors, and to become publicly traded enterprises. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. After the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors.

An ad valorem tax (Latin for "according to value") is a tax based on the value of real estate or personal property. It is more common than a specific tax, a tax based on the quantity of an item, such as cents per kilogram, regardless of price. It is levied on the basis of value given by producers. So sometimes, the primary difficulty with such taxation, especially in the case of tariffs, is in establishing a satisfactory value figure.

Correct Option: C

An ad valorem tax (Latin for "according to value") is a tax based on the value of real estate or personal property. It is more common than a specific tax, a tax based on the quantity of an item, such as cents per kilogram, regardless of price. It is levied on the basis of value given by producers. So sometimes, the primary difficulty with such taxation, especially in the case of tariffs, is in establishing a satisfactory value figure.

A turnover tax is similar to a sales tax or a VAT, with the difference that it taxes intermediate and possibly capital goods. It is charged on gross sales revenue from business transactions. Unlike a sales tax, which is levied only on gross value at the point of retail sale, a turnover tax is levied on all intermediate transactions between businesses leading to and including the final sale.

Correct Option: A

A turnover tax is similar to a sales tax or a VAT, with the difference that it taxes intermediate and possibly capital goods. It is charged on gross sales revenue from business transactions. Unlike a sales tax, which is levied only on gross value at the point of retail sale, a turnover tax is levied on all intermediate transactions between businesses leading to and including the final sale.

Capital receipts are the funds received into the businesses that are not part of the operating activities of the establishment. Capital receipts primarily include external assistance, market loans, small savings, principal investment in bonds, and Government provident funds. A capital receipt is a receipt which is derived from sale or purchase of capital assets like plant and machinery, furniture, investment (long term) etc., which shall not be occurring all the time.

Correct Option: D

Capital receipts are the funds received into the businesses that are not part of the operating activities of the establishment. Capital receipts primarily include external assistance, market loans, small savings, principal investment in bonds, and Government provident funds. A capital receipt is a receipt which is derived from sale or purchase of capital assets like plant and machinery, furniture, investment (long term) etc., which shall not be occurring all the time.

Zero-based budgeting is an approach to planning and decision-making which reverses the working process of traditional budgeting. This technique of budgeting was developed by Peter Phyrr in the United States and was first implemented at Texas Instruments in the 1960s. In 1973, President Jimmy Carter contracted with Phyrr to implement a ZBB system for the State of Georgia executive budget process.

Correct Option: A

Zero-based budgeting is an approach to planning and decision-making which reverses the working process of traditional budgeting. This technique of budgeting was developed by Peter Phyrr in the United States and was first implemented at Texas Instruments in the 1960s. In 1973, President Jimmy Carter contracted with Phyrr to implement a ZBB system for the State of Georgia executive budget process.